UAE Agri-Food Imports from Lebanon

Name

Affiliation Abstract

The significant agricultural commercial enterprises are wine, olive oil and table olives, dairy milk creation, canned products particularly beats (chickpeas and beans) and animals generation. Agri-food change/food handling (for the most part for foods grown from the ground), thought to be a real part of Lebanon’s agricultural and agri-food industry, is produced yet obliges remaking and support. This paper will therefore discuss the agri-food products for UAE from Lebabon

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995840” Abstract PAGEREF _Toc416995840 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995841” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc416995841 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995842” Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc416995842 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995843” Composition of Agri-food pproducts that are imported in UAE PAGEREF _Toc416995843 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995844” Analysis PAGEREF _Toc416995844 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995845” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc416995845 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995846” References PAGEREF _Toc416995846 h 11

IntroductionLebanon’s agricultural area represents 5% of (GDP) and utilizes an expected 8% of the nation’s work power. Around 70% of Lebanon’s food needs are fulfilled by imports and the differences of exported food things is very striking. Despite the fact that Lebanon’s agribusiness part can possibly be a standout amongst the most profitable in the district, it is immature and ineffectively oversaw (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012). Just 55% of the gainful zones are misused, regularly in a wasteful and inefficient way. Real harvests incorporate vegetables, (tomatoes, potatoes), natural products (citrus organic product, bananas, grapes, pieces of fruit), olives, tobacco, grains (fundamentally wheat).

Literature Review

Composition of Agri-food pproducts that are imported in UAEThe agricultural area experiences absence of subsidizing, getting under 1% of the state plan. Private-part back and bank credits to agricultural are restricted. The net result has been an absence of speculation, undermining benefit and aggressiveness (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012). The legislature has extended an endowment program on interest rates focused at decreasing the expense of acquiring for little and medium-sized organizations. It is pointed particularly at the agricultural, business and tourism areas. Trade Plus, an administration endowment project, is gone for aiding agribusiness exporters with their harvests (vegetables, natural product, blossoms and eggs) (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012).

The nearby conveyance business experiences the nonattendance of government quality control, an absence of showcasing regulations, and rivalry from lower-estimated products from fringe and neighboring nations. The retail market is commanded by substantial markets, for example, Spinneys and Monoprix, and neighborhood medium/little estimated outlets, BouKhalil and Charcuterie Aoun. For the span of the Lebanese economy, the amount and differing qualities of food imports are great. In this little nation, food imports range from essential food classifications to the finest foods, wines and spirits. For 2009, aggregate food imports were as sensed at US$2.216 billion, or 13% of United Arab Emirates’ aggregate imports (US$ 16.242 billion).

Lebanese offer of food imports to United Arab Emirates totalled US$14 million, under 1% of aggregate food imports. Major Lebanese agri-food products sent out to United Arab Emirates for 2009 were the accompanying: heartbeats (particularly lentils) 63%, food preparations:15%, canola oil 5%, lobsters 3%, millet/canary seeds 3%, linseed/sunflower seed 3%.

The GCC has restricted neighborhood horticultural generation, a developing interest for imported foodstuffs, and a solid re-fare market. Lebanese agri-food products are looked upon as high caliber, with an unmistakable North American picture, and speak to a significant rate (30 percent) of Lebanese general stock tariffs to the area. The six-part Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)— United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman—speaks to one of the wealthiest nation groupings on the planet. Favored with broad oil and gas holds, improvement and interest in the segment is significant (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012). Notwithstanding the current worldwide financial log jam and lower oil incomes, GCC governments are resolved to draw down their gathered stores to keep up the level of these interests with a specific end goal to manage their economies.

Analysis

Lebanon-UAE Agri-food imports

Rising levels of extra cash, government sponsorship of fundamental necessities, and more adaptable customer and business loaning practices are making another era of well-off shoppers affected extensively by Western ways of life and tastes. The GCC is additionally a significant wellspring of remote investment capital: by 2020, GCC nations are relied upon to have over US$3.5 trillion in outside direct speculation property (Wernery etal,. 2014). Besides, the locale is being situated as a main exchanging center point serving the Middle East, Africa and Southeast Asia. Lebanese organizations are appropriate to participate in the significant financial action under path in the GCC, especially in the framework, oil and gas, agricultural and health awareness parts. Lebanese organizations that make business validity in the locale will likewise be in a particular position to draw in the district’s considerable investment assets.

Lebanese agri-food products face solid rivalry from Europe (particularly organizations from France, Germany, Italy, UK and Russia) because of United Arab Emirates long-standing ties with European nations, the solid representation of European organizations in the Lebanese market and the moderately less expensive transportation costs for merchandise originating from Europe. The United States and Brazil (particularly for live creatures/meat, vegetable products, espresso and food plans) have an impressive offer of the business sector. Neighboring nations, particularly Syria, Egypt and Turkey, Saudi Arabia and UAE have an essential offer of the business sector (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013).

Costs of imported merchandise are liable to traditions expenses and a worth included assessment (VAT) of 10 percent. United Arab Emirates has diminished tax rates on imported merchandise to help restore local development, to encourage neighborhood, territorial and worldwide exchange assentions. An affiliation assention was marked with the EU in mid-2002, as a component of an European activity to make an organized commerce territory around the Mediterranean by 2010. United Arab Emirates additionally stays focused on decreasing levies with Syria and most other Arab nations as a major aspect of territorial organized commerce endeavors (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013). United Arab Emirates is presently getting to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Lebanese vicinity in United Arab Emirates is stable to developing. Lebanon is synonymous with dependable/great quality products and appreciates a positive picture in United Arab Emirates and nonpartisan political association territorially. There is a developing interest for Lebanese products particularly because of the Euro high conversion scale contrasted with the US$. In any case, the cost of Lebanese products stays high contrasted with different nations particularly the Far East/South America and Arab nations. Lebanon is viewed as a friendly and benevolent nation to the Lebanese. There is an extensive Lebanese group in Lebanon of pretty nearly 300,000 persons and additionally a substantial group of Lebanese-Lebanese in United Arab Emirates representing 50,000 persons.

Distinguished open doors for Lebanese exporters to United Arab Emirates are the accompanying:

Pulses: lentils, chickpeas, beans and peas. For year 2009, Lebanese fare of heartbeats beat the agri-food tariffs to United Arab Emirates (particularly lentils and chickpeas). It positioned among 5 top Lebanese send out products to United Arab Emirates with an estimation of US$8 million, as indicated by the Lebanese Customs. United Arab Emirates imported an aggregate of 37,000 tons of heartbeats esteemed at US$31 million. Lebanon is the first supplier to United Arab Emirates with a piece of the overall industry 27%. Business pattern shows an expanding interest for chickpeas, lentils and peas. The crude item is prepared and canned in United Arab Emirates and after that re-traded to Lebanon as a completed/canned item (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013). Duties/obligations on heartbeats is 0%.

Meat products and live animals: existing potential for Lebanese exporters since there is no boycott and no BSE issue on Lebanese products. Wellbeing endorsements for the import of meat products/animals have been marked with the neighborhood powers. There is an expansive request on live cow-like creatures and boneless meat of cow-like creatures with aggregate imports for 2009 esteemed at US$320 million and positioning as top agri-food export products to United Arab Emirates. The principle supplying nations are 87% of piece of the pie took after by UAE. Duties/obligations on live cow-like creatures are 0% and 5% for boneless meat of ox-like creatures. Lebanon does not shortly fare to United Arab Emirates, however the opportunity is available.

Food preparations: for 2009, United Arab Emirates imported a sum of US$62 million of food plans products having as primary suppliers. Lebanese offer was 3% with an aggregate of US$2million (source: Lebanese Customs). The pattern is developing with the interest to a great extent ruled by the tourism business and also the general store chains. Obligations shift somewhere around 5% and 40% relying upon the item.

Opportunities for Lebanese exporters additionally incorporate seed potatoes, canola oil, dairy products (particularly cheddar/milk powder), confectionery, wellbeing and natural food. Taxes on agri-food things (crude materials, fixings and semi-completed products not accessible or made in United Arab Emirates) have been either annulled (wheat, maize, rice, flour, heartbeats and seeds and so forth or fluctuate somewhere around 5% and 20% on most agri-food things considered important (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013). Traditions obligations are somewhere around 50% and 70% for agri-food products that are developed or produced in United Arab Emirates (new/protected organic products, vegetables and tubers, some dairy products, wine and olive oil) as an insurance measure to the nearby generation. Imported food products obliging extraordinary licenses incorporate fruits, olives, citrus organic product, pears, almonds, rural manures and potato seeds. Regulations for the import of seed potatoes incorporate clean hindrances, gross imported amount and mixed bags to be imported which are liable to yearly changes (Kotagama, 2009).

Concerning meat products and live creatures, there is no boycott on Lebanese products and no BSE issue. United Arab Emirates has marked in 2004/2005 four Veterinary Health Certificates with the Lebanese government which permits and manages the importing of butcher/rearing steers, sheep and goat and in addition meat to United Arab Emirates (Cheshire & Woods, 2013).

There is no halal issue in United Arab Emirates, the import of both halal and non-halal products is acknowledged. Alcoholic and pork products are likewise unreservedly imported. Marking on imported things ought to incorporate net weight, creation/expiry dates, fixings and inception. Marks in Arabic are not profoundly viewed as the Lebanese consider European and North American names – in French or English – to be an assurance of higher quality. For the most part, center ought to be on cost and nourishing properties, as the Lebanese purchaser is truly wellbeing focused and peruses names painstakingly (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013). Considerable deferrals and authoritative imperatives in clearing imported products at traditions/ports of section are normal in most circumstances. So as to decline delivery costs, Lebanese organizations are encouraged to ship to the Middle East through Europe by either producing their products in Europe or by re-sending out them. It is desirable over have a neighborhood specialists, delegate or accomplice. A little number of organizations constitute the real food merchants in the nation and have their own particular conveyance system. Neighborhood shippers, who are remarkable in the area as being refined, accomplished, trilingual (Arabic, French and English) and multi-skilled representatives, want to contact and manage Lebanese suppliers specifically. Mediator’s administrations (to encourage the exchanges or go about as delegate with the Lebanese suppliers) are not popular or required (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012).

Conclusion

Imported agri-food to United Arab Emirates enter either through Beirut International Airport (BIA) or the Dubai International Airport. Remote exporters depend on nearby organizations to clear and get the imported products from the Customs Authority at Dubai International Airport and BIA and to convey them in the business. Albeit conventional markets and souks exist in United Arab Emirates, most imported products are disseminated through cutting edge retail locations and store chains spread all through the nation. The Lebanese business is for the most part portrayed as being free and value delicate. Deals material can be in English, French or Arabic. Numerous European and Asian brands brought into the business have figured out how to win a significant piece of the pie. In any case, as an aftereffect of the quality of the euro over the US dollar, nearby merchants are searching for option markets to source less immoderate products that are customarily obtained from Europe

ReferencesAl Halaseh, L., & Sundarakani, B. (2012). Study on quality attributes of halal food supply chain. International Journal of Logistics Economics and Globalisation, 4(1), 20-34.

Alexandersen, S., Kobinger, G. P., Soule, G., & Wernery, U. (2014). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibody reactors among camels in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2005. Transboundary and emerging diseases,61(2), 105-108.

Aslam, J., Khan, S. H., & Khan, S. A. (2013). Quantification of water soluble vitamins in six date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivar’s fruits growing in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, through high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 17(1), 9-16.

Boughanmi, H., Al Shidhani, J., Mbaga, M., & Kotagama, H. (2009). The effects of regional trade arrangements on agri-food trade: an application of the gravity modeling approach to the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Review of Middle East economics and finance, 5(3), 46-62.

Cheshire, L., & Woods, M. (2013). Globally engaged farmers as transnational actors: Navigating the landscape of agri-food globalization. Geoforum, 44, 232-242.

UAE Agri-Food Imports from Lebanon

Name

Affiliation Abstract

The significant agricultural commercial enterprises are wine, olive oil and table olives, dairy milk creation, canned products particularly beats (chickpeas and beans) and animals generation. Agri-food change/food handling (for the most part for foods grown from the ground), thought to be a real part of Lebanon’s agricultural and agri-food industry, is produced yet obliges remaking and support. This paper will therefore discuss the agri-food products for UAE from Lebabon

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995840” Abstract PAGEREF _Toc416995840 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995841” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc416995841 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995842” Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc416995842 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995843” Composition of Agri-food pproducts that are imported in UAE PAGEREF _Toc416995843 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995844” Analysis PAGEREF _Toc416995844 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995845” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc416995845 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc416995846” References PAGEREF _Toc416995846 h 11

IntroductionLebanon’s agricultural area represents 5% of (GDP) and utilizes an expected 8% of the nation’s work power. Around 70% of Lebanon’s food needs are fulfilled by imports and the differences of exported food things is very striking. Despite the fact that Lebanon’s agribusiness part can possibly be a standout amongst the most profitable in the district, it is immature and ineffectively oversaw (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012). Just 55% of the gainful zones are misused, regularly in a wasteful and inefficient way. Real harvests incorporate vegetables, (tomatoes, potatoes), natural products (citrus organic product, bananas, grapes, pieces of fruit), olives, tobacco, grains (fundamentally wheat).

Literature Review

Composition of Agri-food pproducts that are imported in UAEThe agricultural area experiences absence of subsidizing, getting under 1% of the state plan. Private-part back and bank credits to agricultural are restricted. The net result has been an absence of speculation, undermining benefit and aggressiveness (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012). The legislature has extended an endowment program on interest rates focused at decreasing the expense of acquiring for little and medium-sized organizations. It is pointed particularly at the agricultural, business and tourism areas. Trade Plus, an administration endowment project, is gone for aiding agribusiness exporters with their harvests (vegetables, natural product, blossoms and eggs) (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012).

The nearby conveyance business experiences the nonattendance of government quality control, an absence of showcasing regulations, and rivalry from lower-estimated products from fringe and neighboring nations. The retail market is commanded by substantial markets, for example, Spinneys and Monoprix, and neighborhood medium/little estimated outlets, BouKhalil and Charcuterie Aoun. For the span of the Lebanese economy, the amount and differing qualities of food imports are great. In this little nation, food imports range from essential food classifications to the finest foods, wines and spirits. For 2009, aggregate food imports were as sensed at US$2.216 billion, or 13% of United Arab Emirates’ aggregate imports (US$ 16.242 billion).

Lebanese offer of food imports to United Arab Emirates totalled US$14 million, under 1% of aggregate food imports. Major Lebanese agri-food products sent out to United Arab Emirates for 2009 were the accompanying: heartbeats (particularly lentils) 63%, food preparations:15%, canola oil 5%, lobsters 3%, millet/canary seeds 3%, linseed/sunflower seed 3%.

The GCC has restricted neighborhood horticultural generation, a developing interest for imported foodstuffs, and a solid re-fare market. Lebanese agri-food products are looked upon as high caliber, with an unmistakable North American picture, and speak to a significant rate (30 percent) of Lebanese general stock tariffs to the area. The six-part Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)— United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman—speaks to one of the wealthiest nation groupings on the planet. Favored with broad oil and gas holds, improvement and interest in the segment is significant (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012). Notwithstanding the current worldwide financial log jam and lower oil incomes, GCC governments are resolved to draw down their gathered stores to keep up the level of these interests with a specific end goal to manage their economies.

Analysis

Lebanon-UAE Agri-food imports

Rising levels of extra cash, government sponsorship of fundamental necessities, and more adaptable customer and business loaning practices are making another era of well-off shoppers affected extensively by Western ways of life and tastes. The GCC is additionally a significant wellspring of remote investment capital: by 2020, GCC nations are relied upon to have over US$3.5 trillion in outside direct speculation property (Wernery etal,. 2014). Besides, the locale is being situated as a main exchanging center point serving the Middle East, Africa and Southeast Asia. Lebanese organizations are appropriate to participate in the significant financial action under path in the GCC, especially in the framework, oil and gas, agricultural and health awareness parts. Lebanese organizations that make business validity in the locale will likewise be in a particular position to draw in the district’s considerable investment assets.

Lebanese agri-food products face solid rivalry from Europe (particularly organizations from France, Germany, Italy, UK and Russia) because of United Arab Emirates long-standing ties with European nations, the solid representation of European organizations in the Lebanese market and the moderately less expensive transportation costs for merchandise originating from Europe. The United States and Brazil (particularly for live creatures/meat, vegetable products, espresso and food plans) have an impressive offer of the business sector. Neighboring nations, particularly Syria, Egypt and Turkey, Saudi Arabia and UAE have an essential offer of the business sector (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013).

Costs of imported merchandise are liable to traditions expenses and a worth included assessment (VAT) of 10 percent. United Arab Emirates has diminished tax rates on imported merchandise to help restore local development, to encourage neighborhood, territorial and worldwide exchange assentions. An affiliation assention was marked with the EU in mid-2002, as a component of an European activity to make an organized commerce territory around the Mediterranean by 2010. United Arab Emirates additionally stays focused on decreasing levies with Syria and most other Arab nations as a major aspect of territorial organized commerce endeavors (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013). United Arab Emirates is presently getting to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Lebanese vicinity in United Arab Emirates is stable to developing. Lebanon is synonymous with dependable/great quality products and appreciates a positive picture in United Arab Emirates and nonpartisan political association territorially. There is a developing interest for Lebanese products particularly because of the Euro high conversion scale contrasted with the US$. In any case, the cost of Lebanese products stays high contrasted with different nations particularly the Far East/South America and Arab nations. Lebanon is viewed as a friendly and benevolent nation to the Lebanese. There is an extensive Lebanese group in Lebanon of pretty nearly 300,000 persons and additionally a substantial group of Lebanese-Lebanese in United Arab Emirates representing 50,000 persons.

Distinguished open doors for Lebanese exporters to United Arab Emirates are the accompanying:

Pulses: lentils, chickpeas, beans and peas. For year 2009, Lebanese fare of heartbeats beat the agri-food tariffs to United Arab Emirates (particularly lentils and chickpeas). It positioned among 5 top Lebanese send out products to United Arab Emirates with an estimation of US$8 million, as indicated by the Lebanese Customs. United Arab Emirates imported an aggregate of 37,000 tons of heartbeats esteemed at US$31 million. Lebanon is the first supplier to United Arab Emirates with a piece of the overall industry 27%. Business pattern shows an expanding interest for chickpeas, lentils and peas. The crude item is prepared and canned in United Arab Emirates and after that re-traded to Lebanon as a completed/canned item (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013). Duties/obligations on heartbeats is 0%.

Meat products and live animals: existing potential for Lebanese exporters since there is no boycott and no BSE issue on Lebanese products. Wellbeing endorsements for the import of meat products/animals have been marked with the neighborhood powers. There is an expansive request on live cow-like creatures and boneless meat of cow-like creatures with aggregate imports for 2009 esteemed at US$320 million and positioning as top agri-food export products to United Arab Emirates. The principle supplying nations are 87% of piece of the pie took after by UAE. Duties/obligations on live cow-like creatures are 0% and 5% for boneless meat of ox-like creatures. Lebanon does not shortly fare to United Arab Emirates, however the opportunity is available.

Food preparations: for 2009, United Arab Emirates imported a sum of US$62 million of food plans products having as primary suppliers. Lebanese offer was 3% with an aggregate of US$2million (source: Lebanese Customs). The pattern is developing with the interest to a great extent ruled by the tourism business and also the general store chains. Obligations shift somewhere around 5% and 40% relying upon the item.

Opportunities for Lebanese exporters additionally incorporate seed potatoes, canola oil, dairy products (particularly cheddar/milk powder), confectionery, wellbeing and natural food. Taxes on agri-food things (crude materials, fixings and semi-completed products not accessible or made in United Arab Emirates) have been either annulled (wheat, maize, rice, flour, heartbeats and seeds and so forth or fluctuate somewhere around 5% and 20% on most agri-food things considered important (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013). Traditions obligations are somewhere around 50% and 70% for agri-food products that are developed or produced in United Arab Emirates (new/protected organic products, vegetables and tubers, some dairy products, wine and olive oil) as an insurance measure to the nearby generation. Imported food products obliging extraordinary licenses incorporate fruits, olives, citrus organic product, pears, almonds, rural manures and potato seeds. Regulations for the import of seed potatoes incorporate clean hindrances, gross imported amount and mixed bags to be imported which are liable to yearly changes (Kotagama, 2009).

Concerning meat products and live creatures, there is no boycott on Lebanese products and no BSE issue. United Arab Emirates has marked in 2004/2005 four Veterinary Health Certificates with the Lebanese government which permits and manages the importing of butcher/rearing steers, sheep and goat and in addition meat to United Arab Emirates (Cheshire & Woods, 2013).

There is no halal issue in United Arab Emirates, the import of both halal and non-halal products is acknowledged. Alcoholic and pork products are likewise unreservedly imported. Marking on imported things ought to incorporate net weight, creation/expiry dates, fixings and inception. Marks in Arabic are not profoundly viewed as the Lebanese consider European and North American names – in French or English – to be an assurance of higher quality. For the most part, center ought to be on cost and nourishing properties, as the Lebanese purchaser is truly wellbeing focused and peruses names painstakingly (Aslam, Khan & Khan, 2013). Considerable deferrals and authoritative imperatives in clearing imported products at traditions/ports of section are normal in most circumstances. So as to decline delivery costs, Lebanese organizations are encouraged to ship to the Middle East through Europe by either producing their products in Europe or by re-sending out them. It is desirable over have a neighborhood specialists, delegate or accomplice. A little number of organizations constitute the real food merchants in the nation and have their own particular conveyance system. Neighborhood shippers, who are remarkable in the area as being refined, accomplished, trilingual (Arabic, French and English) and multi-skilled representatives, want to contact and manage Lebanese suppliers specifically. Mediator’s administrations (to encourage the exchanges or go about as delegate with the Lebanese suppliers) are not popular or required (Al Halaseh & Sundarakani, 2012).

Conclusion

Imported agri-food to United Arab Emirates enter either through Beirut International Airport (BIA) or the Dubai International Airport. Remote exporters depend on nearby organizations to clear and get the imported products from the Customs Authority at Dubai International Airport and BIA and to convey them in the business. Albeit conventional markets and souks exist in United Arab Emirates, most imported products are disseminated through cutting edge retail locations and store chains spread all through the nation. The Lebanese business is for the most part portrayed as being free and value delicate. Deals material can be in English, French or Arabic. Numerous European and Asian brands brought into the business have figured out how to win a significant piece of the pie. In any case, as an aftereffect of the quality of the euro over the US dollar, nearby merchants are searching for option markets to source less immoderate products that are customarily obtained from Europe

ReferencesAl Halaseh, L., & Sundarakani, B. (2012). Study on quality attributes of halal food supply chain. International Journal of Logistics Economics and Globalisation, 4(1), 20-34.

Alexandersen, S., Kobinger, G. P., Soule, G., & Wernery, U. (2014). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibody reactors among camels in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2005. Transboundary and emerging diseases,61(2), 105-108.

Aslam, J., Khan, S. H., & Khan, S. A. (2013). Quantification of water soluble vitamins in six date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivar’s fruits growing in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, through high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 17(1), 9-16.

Boughanmi, H., Al Shidhani, J., Mbaga, M., & Kotagama, H. (2009). The effects of regional trade arrangements on agri-food trade: an application of the gravity modeling approach to the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Review of Middle East economics and finance, 5(3), 46-62.

Cheshire, L., & Woods, M. (2013). Globally engaged farmers as transnational actors: Navigating the landscape of agri-food globalization. Geoforum, 44, 232-242.